Copyright © 2003, 2004 all rights reserved. This page most recently revised on: May 31, 2004
As in the last unit, start by trying to interpret the original text, then check your work against the standardized text and review your translation before looking at the translation given in the answer key.
1. Read the text in the original and make your best guess at turning it into our "standardized" spelling. Use not only the principles that you have been taught, but also your own familiarity with the langauge. If a word looks like it could be one that you know by applying or not applying some of the variable changes (like "lenition" of internal consonants), then go with your instincts and see if it works.
2. Translate the text.
3. Any time the word that appears in the text is not identical to the citation form in your vocabulary, figure out why. (Answers to this part will not be given in the answer key from now on.)
Ac ual yd oedynt yn eisted yuelly, wynt a welynt teir llong ar dec, yn dyuot o deheu Iwerdon, ac yn kyrchu parth ac attunt, ...ac yn nessau yn ebrwyd attunt. "Mi a welaf longeu racco," heb y brenhin, "ac yn dyuot yn hy parth a'r tir. Ac erchwch y wyr y llys wiscaw amdanunt, a mynet y edrych pa uedwl yw yr eidunt." Y gwyr a wiscawd amdanunt ac a nessayssant attunt y wayret. Gwedy guelet y llongeu ... diheu oed ganthunt na welsynt eiryoet llongeu gyweirach eu hansawd noc wy.
(You may have already added some of these from the lessons.)
| Word | Category | Plural/Stem/Etc. | Gloss |
| ansawdd | n.m | (odd)-eu | quality, nature |
| cyweir | adj | perfect, complete, orderly | |
| deheu | n.f | south, right (hand) | |
| diheu | adj | certain; (noun) certainty | |
| dyvod | v | (irregular) | to come |
| ebrwydd | adj | swift | |
| eiryoed | adv | ever (usually neg. "never") | |
| gwaered | n.m | descent, bottom; i waered = downward | |
| gweled | v | gwel- | to see |
| heb | v | * | said (defective paradigm) |
| hy | adj | bold, daring | |
| Iwerddon | n.? | Ireland | |
| meddwl | n.m | meddylieu | thought |
| myned | v | (irregular) | to go |
| pa | prn | what | |
| racco | adv | yonder, over there | |
| yvelly | adv | thus, so |
Check your attempted normalization of the text using the following link. Then go back to your interpretation and see if there's anything you want to change before checking it for correctness.