Key to the Exercise of Unit 5e

Exercise 1

Just to keep things interesting, the answer key will give the predicted form (i.e., the one you should have come up with, including the irregularities mentioned in the assignment) and then the forms that are actually attested in Medieval Welsh. In some cases, these may be your predicted forms (but without the regularized spelling). In other cases the form may be irregular and different from what you predicted. If the column is blank, then no example of that form is known in the medieval literature (although it may exist in more recent material).

For the present, remember that the endings look like they're taken from the irregular preterite.

#It's quite unusual for the first and third singular forms to be indistinguishable in this way.

The imperfect has no predicted irregularities.

# Remember that this one is known to be irregular.

@ A number of forms have an alternative with ed- rather than ad-, which I have generally not included, but in this case this is the only known medievalform.

The rest of the paradigm is based on the stem adna- plus the forms of BOD.

It isn't clear why there are no pluperfect forms attested -- possibly it's due to some aspect of the meaning.

Exercise 2

1. o cheyff e gur gan wreyc arall.
• present 3s
• If she gets [i.e. catches] her husband with another woman
2. Puybynnac e kaffer lledrat en e ty
• present subjunctive impersonal
• Whoever gets [i.e. catches] a thief in the house
3. Mi a'e keueis, arglwyd, uchot ar y ford
• preterite 1s
• I got them, lord, above on the road.
4. Ac yuelly e geyll e lledrat kerdet o lau y lau hyt tra gaffo en e maes nep a'e kemerho e ganthau.
• present subjunctive 3s
• And thus the theft can travel from hand to hand while he [i.e. the accused] might get [i.e. find] anyone in the field [i.e. court] who would take it from him.
5. Ny deleyr dale moch ar yt, ony cheffyr en er yscubaur
• present impersonal
• One is not entitled to hold pigs [found] on grain, unless one gets [i.e. catches] [them] in the barn.
6. Darogan yw itaw kaffel ettiuet; ohonot ti yt gaffo ef kanys ry gaffo o arall.
• verbal-noun; present subjunctive 3s (twice)
• [There is] a prophecy of him getting an heir; he would get it from you since he would not get it from another.
7. Ba furuf y keffir wy y gantaw ef?
• present impersonal
• [In] what way will one get them from him?
8. Y gymeint ohonof i a gaffer, a geffir drwy ymlad.
• present subjunctive impersonal; present impersonal
• The amount one would get from me, one will get by fighting.
9. A thra geffit y gantaw, nac eskit, na hossan, ni phrynit y gan ereill dim.
• imperfect subjunctive impersonal
• And while one could get it from him, neither shoe nor hose -- one would not buy anything from another.
10. Ef a dely caffael y uarch y gan e brenhyn
• verbal-noun
• He is entitled to get his horse from the king.
11. punt a geueis i o gardotta, mi a'e rodaf it
• preterite 1s
• A pound I got from begging, I will give it to you.
12. Ny cheir craf arnei.
• present impersonal
• One will not get a hold on her.
13. A chael o Uendigeiduran hi yn y neill law, a'y tarean yn y llaw arall.
• verbal-noun
• And getting by Bendigeidfran [i.e. B. got] her in the one hand, and his shield in the other hand.
14. Sef a gawssant yn eu kyghor, ellwng rei onadunt y erchi gossymdeith idaw.
• preterite 3p
• This is what they got [i.e., decided] in their council: releasing some of them to ask him [for] food.
15. Sef a gahat yn y kynghor, rodi Branwen y Uatholwch.
• preterite impersonal
• This is what one got in the council: giving Branwen to Matholwch.
16. "A druein," heb hitheu, "ny chewch un drwc yr dywedut y wirioned."
• present 2p
• "O wretches," she said, "you will not get a single harm for speaking the truth.
17. Ac onys rody, dy agheu a geffy ymdanei
• present 2s
• And if you do not give [her], you will get your death because of her.
18. Ba negesseu bennac a wnelit urthaw ny cheffit atep amdanadunt
• imperfect subjunctive impersonal
• Whatever errands one did [i.e. had] with him, one would get no answer concerning them.
19. "A thri phet, arglwyd," heb hi "a gaffwn o hynny"
• present 1p
• "And three things, lord," she said, "we will get from that."
20. Ny cheffy ti hi o'e uod ef, ny elly titheu treis arnaw.
• present 2s
• You will not get her of his will; you will not be able to do violence on him.
21. O'm bod i nys kaffut ti hi vyth.
• imperfect 2s
• Not by my will did you ever get her.
22. Pei caffwn dewis ar holl wraged a morynnyon y byt, y mae ti a dewisswn.
• imperfect subjunctive 1s
• If I were to get a choive of all the women and maidens of the world, it is you I would choose.
23. ni a gawn yn goganu gan yr unben
• present 1p
• We will get our satirizing [i.e. will be satirized] by the lord.
24. O hyn hyt ban del amgen, ny cheffwch y genhyf i attep.
• present 2p
• From now until when another [offer] would come, you will not get an answer from me.
25. Pa gynghor bynnac a gaffei ef y gan Uanawydan, y gaer a gyrchwys ef.
• imperfect 3s
• [No matter] whatever advice he got from Manawyddan, he approached the castle.
26. na chaffo enw yny caffo y genhyf i.
• present subjunctive 3s
• He would not get a name until he would get [it] from me.
27. "Arglwyd," heb y Guydyon, "ny orffwyssaf uyth, yny gaffwyf chwedleu y wrth uy nei."
• present subjunctive 1s
• "Lord," said Gwyddion, "I will never rest, until I would get news of my nephew."
28. Pan doethant dra cheuyn em pen e vlwydyn ny chewsynt vn geir e urth e breudwyt mwy no'r dyd kentaf.
• pluperfect 3p
• When they came back at the end of the year, they had not gotten a single word about the dream more than [they had] the first day.

To return to unit, close window.

Lost? The start page for these lessons is here.