Key to the Exercise of Unit 4e

1. *They had neared the land of the Scots.
• Y nessayassynt wynt dir yr Ysgotyeid.
• preverbal particle
• verb (nessa"u): third person plural pluperfect
• pronoun: third person plural, subject
• direct object (tir yr Ysgotyeid): lenited as direct object of verb
• yr Ysgotyeid: genitive modifier of "tir"
• singular: Ysgot
2. We are nearing the king's bridge.
• Yd ym ni'n nessa"u pont y brenhin.
• or
• Y nessa"wn ni bont y brenhin.
3. The women neared the mound.
• Y nessaws y gwragedd yr orsedd.
4. I wore a red cloak.
• Y gwisgeis i len goch.
5. The servants wear new clothes (pl.).
• Y gwisg y gweisson wisgoedd newyddyon.
6. Will you (sg.) wear black?
• A wisgy ti ddu?
• interrogative preverbal particle verb is lenited following the interrogative particle
• verb (gwisgaw): second person singular, present tense
• pronoun: second person singular, subject
• adjectival object (du): lenited as "object" of verb
7. We were sitting here.
• Yd eisteddem ni yma.
• or
• Yd oeddem ni yn eistedd yma.
8. Will you (pl.) sit?
• A eisteddwch chwi?
9. He had seen a stag.
• Y gwelassei garw.
10. She saw horses.
• Y gwelei hi veirch.
11. The girl is not able to see the ship.
• Ni eill y vorwyn weled y llong.
• negative preverbal particle
• verb either aspirates or lenites after negative particle, "g" can't aspirate so it lenites
• verb (gallu): third person singular, present tense
• noun phrase (y vorwyn): subject
• the noun (morwyn) lenites because it is feminine and follows the definite article
• verbal object (gweled): lenites as object of main verb
• noun phrase (y llong): object of "gweled"
12. They could sing.
• Y gellynt wynt ganu.

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